Zeolite Synthesis, Nanotechnologia, nanotechnologia, materiały i chemia supramolekularna
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ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 398
Zeolite Synthesis
Mario L. Occelli,
EDITOR
Unocal Corporation
Harry
E.
Robson,
EDITOR
Louisiana State University
Developed from a symposium sponsored
by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry
at the 196th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society,
Los Angeles, California,
September 25-30, 1988
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1989
In Zeolite Synthesis; Occelli, M., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zeolite synthesis/ Mario L. Occelli, editor; Harry E. Robson, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS Symposium Series, ISSN 0097-6156; 398).
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the
Division or Colloid and Surface Chemistry at the 196th
National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Los
Angeles, California, September 25-30, 1988."
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8412-1632-0
1. Zeolites—Congresses.
I. Occelli. Mario L., 1942- . II. Robson, Harry E.,
1927- . III. American Chemical Society. Division of
Colloid and Surface Chemistry. IV. American Chemical
Society. Meeting (196th: 1988: Los Angeles, Calif.).
V. Series.
TP245.S5Z387 1989
549'.68—dc20 89-6884
CIP
Copyright
©
1989
American Chemical Society
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In Zeolite Synthesis; Occelli, M., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock,
Series Editor
1989 ACS Books Advisory Board
Paul S. Anderson
Merck
Sharp
& Dohme Research
Laboratories
Mary A. Kaiser
Ε. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company
Michael R. Ladisch
Purdue University
Alexis T. Bell
University of California—Berkeley
John L. Massingill
Dow Chemical Company
Harvey W. Blanch
University of California—Berkeley
Daniel M. Quinn
University of Io wa
Malcolm H. Chisholm
Indiana University
James C. Randall
Exx
Inc.
Alan Elzerman
Clemson University
Wendy A. Warr
Imperial Chemical Industries
John W. Finley
Nabisco Brands, Inc.
Robert A. Weiss
University of Connecticut
Natalie Foster
Lehigh University
Marye Anne Fox
The University of Texas—Austin
G. Wayne Ivie
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service
In Zeolite Synthesis; Occelli, M., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
Foreword
The ACS
SYMPOSIUM SERIES
was founded in 1974 to provide a
medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the Series parallels that of the continuing
ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
except that, in order to save time, the
papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are submitted
by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed under
the supervision of the Editors with the assistance of the Series
Advisory Board and are selected to maintain the integrity of the
symposia; however, verbatim reproductions of previously pub
lished papers are not accepted. Both reviews and reports of
research are acceptable, because symposia may embrace both
types of presentation.
In Zeolite Synthesis; Occelli, M., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
Preface
THE
FIRST ZEOLITE, STILBITE, WAS DISCOVERED IN
1756 by Baron
Cronstedt, a Swedish mineralogist. He named these types of minerals
zeolites
from the Greek words
zeo
(boil) and
lithos
(stone), because when
gently heated, the stones evolved water vapor. Because of the
multiplicity of properties possessed by natural zeolites, it is not
surprising that extensive attempts at their synthesis began so long ago. In
fact, efforts to achieve the hydrothermal synthesis of analogs of natural
zeolites date back to 1845, although the elevated temperatures and
pressures employed and the lack of proper identification techniques
precluded a high degree of success for more than a century. The bulk of
successful work began in the 1940s when X-ray diffraction provided easy
product identification and R. M. Barrer developed the gel synthesis. This
approach was based on starting with very reactive components in closed
systems and employing temperature and crystallization conditions that
were more typical of the synthesis of organic compounds than of mineral
formation.
Zeolite Synthesis,
and the symposium on which it is based, is a
review of the progress that, to date, has been made toward under
standing the various aspects of this field on a molecular level.
By 1959, under the leadership of R. M. Milton, the Linde Division of
Union Carbide had successfully synthesized nearly all the commercially
important zeolites. The first chapter of this volume is a personal account
by Milton of how Union Carbide pioneered the synthetic molecular sieve
zeolite business. In the synthesis area, results have indeed been
impressive. Of the 35 now-recognized naturally occurring zeolites, 24
have been duplicated in the laboratory. In the process, more than 200
new synthetic phases have been discovered, including VPI-5, ZSM-5,
and ALPO, a new family of molecular sieves. Today, ZSM-5 is
considered to be one of the most important catalytic materials to be
found since the cracking properties of faujasite were established in the
early 1960s by Plank and Rosinsky. Aluminophosphates, such as ALPO,
SAPO, and MEAPO, equip the chemist with an almost endless supply of
crystalline molecular sieves with unique composition and structural
characteristics. Synthesis of VPI-5, the first 18-membered ring molecular
sieve, suggests that many more new and technologically important
molecular sieves (some of which exist already as models) await to be
synthesized.
xi
In Zeolite Synthesis; Occelli, M., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
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